• Propolis origin
• Propolis stubstances and their properties
• Propolis general properties

Propolis is a resinous material of waxy consistency collected by bees from the buds and barks of trees. It varies in colour and physical properties and is used in the beehive for various purposes. It is very important for the bee colony but also for the human and animal health.

• Plant secretions
• Resins from Pinus spp.
• Betula spp.
• Populus spp.
• Aesculus hippocastanum
• Salix spp.
• Alnus spp.
• Abies spp.
• Prunus spp.
• Ulmus spp.
• Quercus spp.
• Fraxinus excelsior

etc.

Propolis substances, properties

anti-microbial properties (Ghisalberti, 1979)

anti-inflamatory (Ravina, 1969)

anti-oxidant

decrease the permeability of capillaries (Szent- Györgyi, 1936)

anti-haemorrhage

Tumor cyto-toxicity (Hladon et al., 1987)

Anti-Helicobacter pylori (Itoh et al.,1994)

Healing of gastric ulcers (The hive and the honey bee,1992)

Anti- inflammatory (Bankova et al., 1983)

Hystaminopexic activity (Di Maggio and Ciaceri, 1961)

Anti-viral (König and Dustmann, 1985)

Strengthening capillaries (Budavari, 1989)

Antitumoral activity (Tetsuya Matsuno, 1991)

Spasmolytic (The hive and the Honey bee, 1992)

Spasmolytic (The hive and the Honey bee, 1992)

Anti-Mycobacterium phlei

Anti-acid resistant microorganisms

Anti-mycotic

Anti-mycotic

Bacteriostatic activity (Villanueva et al., 1964; Pepeljnjak, 1982)

Anti-microbial and anti-mycotic (Metzner et al.,1979)

Anti-Helicobacter pylori (Itoh et al.,1994)

Bacteriostatic activity (Villanueva et al., 1970)

Anti-mould (Miyakado et al., 1976)

Anti-Blastomycetes (Metzner et al., 1977)

Anti-microbial and anti-mycotic, in vitro and in external use (Metzner at al., 1979)

Anti-Candida (Metzner and Schneidewind, 1978)

Local anaesthetic (Paintz and Metzner, 1979)

Anti-Helicobacter pylori (Itoh et al., 1994)

Anti-microbial and anti-mycotic (Metzner at al., 1979)

Anti- microbial and anti-mycotic (Metzner at al., 1979)

Local anaesthetic (Paintz and Metzner, 1979)

Strengthening capillaries (The hive and the Honey bee, 1992)

Strengthening capillaries (Roger,1988)

Spasmolytic (The hive and the Honey bee, 1992)

 Luteolin

Antiviral (König and Dustmann, 1985)

Healing of gastric ulcers (The hive and the Honey bee, 1992)

 3’,4’-dimethyl ether of luteolin

Spasmolytic and hypocholeretic (Lafon, L.,1970)

Anti-tumor effect; anti-leukemic effect

Helping pulmonary insufficiency

Prevention of acute pulmonary insufficiency

Anti-microbial against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus

Anti-mycotic against Mycobacterium phlei and M. semegmatis

Anti-bacterial effect (gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms) (Villanueva et al., 1970; Cizmarik and Matel, 1970.1973)

Agglutinant effect

Collagenic effect

Anti-Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteriostatic and bactericide effects (Janes and Bumba, 1978)

Balsamic and Antiseptic (Vanhaelen and Vanhaelen-Fastre, 1992)

Anti-Staphyloccocus aureus

Anti-influensa virus A/Hong Kong (H3N2) in vitro

İnhibits the production of hemagglutinins invivo

anti-microbial and anti-mycotic (Metzner et al., 1979)

Antiviral (Konig and Dustmann, 1985)

Anti-bacterial activity on some gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms (Villanuueva et al., 1970; Cizmarik and Matel, 1970,1973)

Anti-inflamatory (Bankova et al., 1983)

Potential contact allergen

antiviral activity

Anti-tumour activity

Tumour cytotoxicity or inhibition (Inayama et al., 1984; Grunberger et al., 1988)

Anti-tumour activity

Anti-bacterial

Anti-microbial activity

Anti-inflamatory

 Propolis general properties

• Activate the Macrophages, induce the Cytokine and inhibit the growth of Tumoural cells of large intestine
• Agglutinant effect
• Anti-allergy
• Anti-acid resistant microorganisms
• Anti-bacterially (local and systemic)
• Antibiotic
• Anti-Blastomycetes
• Anti-clavus
• Anti-depression, sadness, Melancholy
• Anti-haemorrhage
• Antiherpetic
• Anti-humidity
• Anti-infectious
• Anti-inflammatory
• Anti-Leukemik cells
• Anti-microbially
• Anti-mould
• Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Anti-mycotic
• Anti-oedema
• Anti-oxidant
• Anti-parasites
• Anti-prostglandins
• Anti-proteolysis
• Anti-pyretic
• Antiseptic
• Anti-Trichomonas (vaginalis,gallinae, microti)
• Anti-tumour (Tumour cytotoxicity or inhibition)
• Antiviral
• Balsamic
• Decreases the high blood pressure
• Decreases the high cholesterol level in the blood
• Decreases the high pressure from the eye (Glaucoma)
• Decreases the permeabilitiy of capillaries
• Diminish the side-effects of Chemo-and Radio- Therapy
• Histaminopexic activity
• Immunomodulatory action
• Increases body’s resistence to infectious diseases
• Intensifies the phagocytosis
• Local anaesthetic
• Mineralistent
• Nutritive
• Phytoinhibitor
• Promote building- up of collagen and elastin
• Stimulates Mammalian Tissue Regenaration
• Stimulates Mitosis and Enhance protein biosynthesis
• Stimulates the cellular respiration
• Stimulates the immunity of the Body
• Stimulates the Interferon production
• Stimulates the regeneration of epitheliums, endotheliums and cell membrans