Contribution of Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine to the World’s Biomedical Literature (1988-1997)

 

Yaşar Tonta

Hacettepe University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Library Science, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara (Turkey)

 

and

 

Mustafa İlhan

Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara (Turkey)

 

The contribution of Turkish researchers to positive sciences is increasing.  Turkish scientists published more than 6.000 articles in 1999 in scientific journals indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information’s Science Citation Index, which puts Turkey to the 25th place in the world rankings in terms of total contribution to science.  The number of biomedical publications authored by Turkish scientists is increasing faster than that of engineering and other non-medical sciences, which might be one of the main causes of the steep rise in Turkey’s rankings that we have been witnessing in recent years.  More specifically, researchers affiliated with Hacettepe University produce almost a quarter of all the biomedical publications that appear in international biomedical literature.  In this paper, we report the findings of the bibliometric characteristics (authors and affiliations, medical journals and their impact factors, among others) of a total of 1.434 articles published between 1988 and 1997 by scientists affiliated with Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and indexed in MEDLINE, a well-known biomedical bibliographic database.

 

 

Introduction

The performance of Turkish scientists and researchers in science, engineering, medicine and social sciences has been studied by a number of researchers.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7]  The contribution of Turkish scientists to the world’s scientific literature has increased tremendously over the last decade.  In 1993, Turkey has ranked 37th in the world in terms of its contribution to the world science.  Yet its rank has risen to 25th in 1998.  The number of publications has shown more than a four-fold growth within seven years (from about 1.500 in 1993 to more than 6.000 in 1999) which further reinforced Turkey’s place (25th) in the world rankings. 

The number of biomedical publications authored by Turkish researchers has also been increasing steadily since mid-1980s.  In fact, it was observed that the increase has been greater than that of other disciplines such as engineering.  For instance, the number of medical publications has shown 330% increase within six years prior to 1992.[8]  More recently, we found that Turkish researchers have contributed, as first authors, to more than 8400 biomedical publications between 1988 and 1997.  The annual output has gone up from 237 in 1988 to 1709 in 1997, which represented a most remarkable seven-fold increase in biomedical publications in 10 years.[9]  It is believed that TÜBİTAK’s (the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) modest support of Turkish researchers whose contributions appear in international journals has played a pivotal role in this tremendous increase.[10]  For instance, more than half (54.5%) of all researchers who received TÜBİTAK’s encouragement grants in 1996 were affiliated with health sciences.[11]

In an earlier research, we analyzed the bibliometric features of 8442 biomedical publications whose first authors were affiliated with a Turkish research institution.[12]  One of the striking findings of the previous study has been that researchers affiliated with Hacettepe University have single-handedly contributed to almost a quarter (23.1%, to be exact) of all biomedical publications appeared in international journals.  Founded in 1967 in Ankara, Hacettepe University has since been in the forefront of biomedical research in Turkey.[13],[14]  Hacettepe University’s Faculty of Medicine has 324 faculty members (full-, associate and assistant professors) today.  The total number of staff including professors is well over 1000.  This paper is thus an attempt to study the bibliometric characteristics (number of authors, authors’ affiliations, journals, etc.) of a total of 1434 publications whose first authors are affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of Hacettepe University.  Data is based on a subset of the data used in our previous study.  All articles were published between 1988-1997 and indexed in the MEDLINE database of the National Library of Medicine.

 
Data collection and analysis

The procedure of data collection and analysis was described in detail in our previous study.[15]  To summarize briefly, we first used Melvyl, the online catalog of the University of California, to perform comprehensive searches on the MEDLINE database of the National Library of Medicine.  Perhaps one of the most comprehensive biomedical databases in the world, MEDLINE contains more than 11 million bibliographic citations of articles appearing in prestigious medical journals.  Using the “address” field that is available on MEDLINE, we identified all the articles whose first authors were affiliated with a Turkish institution and were published between 1988-1997 in journals that were indexed in MEDLINE and created the raw text files.  We ran one of the Unix text processing programs (awk) [16] on those files to extract records belonging to authors affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of Hacettepe University.  We searched the address in various different forms (including abbreviations) in different languages (“Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine”, “Hacettepe University School of Medicine”, “Hacettepe University Medical School”, “Hacettepe University Medical Faculty”, among others).  We identified a total of 1434 publications whose first authors were affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of Hacettepe University (hereafter “FMHU”) and then created separate files for author names, addresses and journal names.  Figure 1 shows the fields that each MEDLINE record contains.


 


Author:       Ayhan A; Tuncer ZS; Koseoglu F; Yuce K; Kucukali T.

Address:      Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University

              School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Title:        Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix: an analysis of 31

              patients.

Journal:      European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 1997, 18(2):127-9.

Unique ID:    97259763.

Language:     English.

Subset:       Health; MEDLINE.

Databank:     MED/97259763.

Subject:      Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia -- pathology.

             *Cervix Neoplasms -- pathology.

              Female.

              Human.

              Lymph Nodes -- pathology.

              Lymphatic Metastasis.

              Middle Age.

              Neoplasm Invasiveness.

              Retrospective Studies.

 

 

Fig. 1. Sample Melvyl MEDLINE Record

 

 
Limitations of the Study

The term "publication" in this study is used to name all types of contributions (e.g., original and review articles, notes, book reviews, letters to the editor and editorials) in biomedical journals.  The analysis covers a total of 1434 publications of researchers affiliated with FMHU.  Those publications have all appeared in international biomedical journals and were indexed in MEDLINE.  Publications whose first authors not affiliated with FMHU were not included in this study, as MEDLINE does not list the addresses of joint authors even though they may have been affiliated with FMHU.  In other words, contributions of FMHU researchers as joint authors (but not first authors) were excluded.  Hence, it can be safely assumed that the number of publications that FMHU researchers contributed to (either as first or joint authors) is much higher than what we report here.  In addition, contributions of FMHU authors published in biomedical journals that are not indexed in MEDLINE are not included, either.  Of 1434 publications, a few may have foreign researchers listed as first authors as they were based in FMHU as visiting scholars at the time of writing up their contributions.  Needless to say, some of the publications that we analyzed in this study list foreign researchers as joint authors.

 

Findings

 

As we indicated earlier, the total number of biomedical publications which FMHU researchers contributed to as first authors was 1434. The number of biomedical publications of Turkish universities between 1988-1997 as well as that of medical schools/faculties was given in an earlier study.[17]  FMHU's contributions constitute almost a quarter of all biomedical publications authored by researchers based in Turkish medical schools.  Although Onat found out that FMHU's share of all biomedical publications decreased from 25% in 1991-1994 to 18% in 1995-1996[18], our findings suggest that FMHU's weight continues to be felt heavily in the biomedical field.  The distribution of FMHU’s 1394 publications is given in Fig. 2.  As Fig. 2 shows, the number of publications has shown more than a seven-fold growth over the years, thereby increasing from 37 in 1988 to 241 in 1997.  This increase parallels with the overall growth in biomedical publications of Turkish researchers.

Almost all publications of the FMHU researchers were written in English.  The number of publications written in another language (French) was only 6.

Table 1 lists the figures for the numbers of publications and authors per year, and the mean number of authors per publication.  The mean number of contributors to a biomedical publication was 4.6.  The mean number of contributors of FMHU publications has increased from 3.9 in 1988 to 5.1 in 1996 (Fig.3).  The number of contributors has increased more than eight-fold between 1988 and 1996 (from 145 to 1199, respectively), which closely parallels the seven-fold increase of the number of publications.

 


Table 1. Numbers of Publications and Contributors,

And Mean Number of Contributors Per Publication (1988-1997)

 

 

Year

 

Number of publications

 

Number of Authors

Mean Number of Contributors Per Publication

 1988

37

145

3.9

 1989

56

239

4.3

 1990

105

471

4.5

 1991

137

617

4.5

 1992

142

646

4.5

 1993

165

723

4.4

 1994

162

739

4.6

 1995

152

714

4.7

 1996

237

1199

5.1

 1997

241

1117

4.6

Total

1434

6610

4.6

 

The distribution of publications per number of contributors is given in Fig. 4.  MEDLINE records the names of up to 10 authors for each contribution and then adds “et al” if it has more.  A total of 332 publications had four contributors, 294 had five, and 252 had three.  Three-, four-, and five-author publications constituted more than 61% of all publications.

Some 1550 different researchers contributed to 1434 publications of FMHU.  Half (775) of those researchers contributed to a single publication only.  The most prolific top 63 researchers who each authored 20 or more papers contributed to a total of 1864 publications.[1]       

Table 2 lists the names and numbers of publications for authors who contributed to 20 or more publications over the ten-year period.  Note that the author names in the MEDLINE database are recorded as Last Name and Initial(s) only.  Thus, it is impossible to distinguish different authors with the same last name and initial(s).  For instance, we found 71 contributions listed under Ayhan A.  We noticed, however, that this figure contains contributions of both Ali and Ayşe Ayhan.  We checked the hard copies of journals in which their contributions appeared to identify which one belonged to who.  Ali Ayhan is affiliated with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology whereas Ayşe Ayhan worked for the Department of Pathology.  Upon further analysis, we identified 59 contributions belonging to Ali Ayhan (of which 55 as first author) and 10 to Ayşe Ayhan (all as a joint author).  We were unable to identify who the author was in two cases as the first name is given as initial only.  In 15 cases, both Ali and Ayşe Ayhan contributed to the same papers. 

 


Table 2. FMHU Researchers with 20 or More Publications

 

# of articles contributed to

 

# of articles contributed to

Author name

Total

As First Author

As Joint Author

Author name

Total

As First Author

As Joint Author

Hicsonmez A

81

1

80

Ercan MT

25

14

11

Buyukpamukcu N

73

0

73

Gogus S

25

3

22

Tanyel FC

67

4

63

Topcu M

25

3

22

Ayhan Ali1

59

55

4

Ayhan Ayşe1

25

0

25

Balkanci F

46

2

44

Altay C

24

7

17

Erbengi A

45

4

41

Caglar M

24

2

22

Ozcan OE

45

0

45

Yuce K

24

1

23

Saatci U

44

4

40

Saatci I

23

8

15

Ozkutlu S

38

18

20

Kanra G

23

7

16

Bakkaloglu A

37

4

33

Caglar M

23

2

21

Tuncer ZS

36

0

36

Bekdik CF

23

1

22

Ozen H

35

10

25

Remzi D

23

0

23

Gurgey A

33

10

23

Tekkok IH

22

18

4

Coskun T

32

7

25

Bekdik C

22

0

22

Akhan O

31

12

19

Bayraktar Y

21

18

3

Ozen S

31

11

20

Ozsoylu S

21

13

8

Ruacan S

31

1

30

Çeliker A

21

10

11

Pasaoglu I

30

16

14

Ceyhan M

21

8

13

Topaloglu H

30

13

17

Celik HH

21

7

14

Senocak ME

29

8

21

Saraclar M

21

4

17

Besbas N

29

7

22

Demircin M

21

2

19

Onerci M

28

13

15

Sayek I

21

2

19

Onol B

28

0

28

Yalaz K

21

2

19

Gurgan T

27

22

5

Kucukali T

21

1

20

Ozgen T

27

3

24

Besim A

21

0

21

Dundar S

27

1

26

Renda Y

21

0

21

Ozme S

27

1

26

Tekuzman G

21

0

21

Urman B

27

1

26

Turgut M

20

19

1

Yarali H

27

1

26

Sahin A

20

7

13

Ergen A

27

0

27

Kayaalp S

20

0

20

Kale G

27

0

27

Zileli T

20

0

20

Ozalp I

26

2

24

 

 

 

 

Note:  1. The MEDLINE database records the last name and initial(s) of authors, which makes it impossible to distinguish authors with the same last name and initial(s).  See the text for Ayhan A. Note, also, that the MEDLINE database records the names of only the first ten authors of a publication and adds “et al.” after that.  There were 13 articles as such in our study.  It is likely that the figures for some authors might be slightly higher if their names were simply listed as “et al.” (i.e., 11th, 12th, 13th author).


 

Moreover, some researchers may have used their first names inconsistently in papers they authored.  Hence, it is impossible to know, for instance, if “C Bekdik” and “CF Bekdik” both refer to the same person.  If this is the case, papers get attributed to both names separately, thereby making the final tally for those authors fewer than what it actually is. 

Figures in Table 2 represent the contributions of researchers as both first and joint authors and as total.  The most prolific authors of FMHU appear to be A Hicsonmez, N Buyukpamukcu, and FC Tanyel, each contributing to 81, 73, and 67 publications, respectively.  Ali Ayhan produced the highest number of publications (55) as first author, followed by T Gurgan (22), M Turgut (19), IH Tekkok, S Ozkutlu and Y Bayraktar (18 each), I Pasaoglu (16) and I Karnak (15).[2] 

Figures also show the individual productivity levels of FMHU researchers.  It appears that the most prolific top three researchers contributed to seven or eight papers per year.  The total number of researchers contributing to two or more papers per year (that is, 20 or more papers in 10 years) was 62.  Some 190 researchers contributed as first author to an average of one paper per year (that is, 10 or more papers in 10 years).

The total number of researchers contributing to two or more papers as first author per year (that is, 20 or more papers in 10 years) was only 2 (Ali Ayhan and T Gurgan) whereas a total of 21 researchers contributed as first authors to one or more papers per year.  Some 270 researchers contributed as first author to only one paper in 10 years.

As of 1996-1997 academic year, FMHU was the largest medical faculty in Turkey with a total of 1054 staff members (47 of whom worked part-time).  Tenure-track faculty members constituted 30% of all the staff which included 182 full-professors, 54 associate professors, and 88 assistant professors (Table 3).  Almost two-thirds (671) of the staff were made up by the research assistants.  In addition, there were 19 lecturers and 40 specialists.  It can be safely assumed that the great majority of all FMHU publications may have been contributed to, either as first or joint authors, by those 324 tenure-track faculty members.  

Table 3. Distribution of FMHU Faculty Members By Rank

(1996-1997 Academic Year)

Faculty

N

%

Professor

182

17

Assoc. Prof.

54

5

Ass. Prof.

88

8

Lecturer

19

2

Specialist

40

4

Research assistant

671

64

Total

1054

100

Note: The figures for the number of FMHU staff members were taken from the Student Selection and Placement Center’s annual statistics for the 1996-1997 academic year.[19]

 

Table 4 shows a steep increase in the number of publications per tenure-track FMHU faculty member over the ten-year period.  The productivity per faculty member increased from 0,15 in 1988 to 0,74 in 1997, a most remarkable five-fold increase in 10 years.  FMHU’s average productivity level per faculty member (0,46) compares well with that of some other countries.  For instance, the top Chinese medical university (Shangai) produced 0,13 papers (in English) per scientist.[20]

Table 4. Number of Publications per FMHU Faculty Member (1988-1997)

Academic Year

# of Faculty Members

# of Publications

# of Publications Per Faculty Member

1988-1989

249

37

0,15

1989-1990

270

56

0,21

1990-1991

277

105

0,38

1991-1992

299

137

0,46

1992-1993

310

142

0,46

1993-1994

315

165

0,52

1994-1995

316

162

0,51

1995-1996

321

152

0,47

1996-1997

324

237

0,73

1997-1998

327

241

0,74

Total/Avg.

301

1434

0,46

 

Source: Figures for the number of faculty members were taken from the Student Selection and Placement Center’s annual statistics for the respective academic years (1988-1997).  They reflect the number of tenure-track faculty members (professors, associate and assistant professors) only.

 

  It appears that FMHU faculty members became more productive over the years.  This may well be due to a number of factors.  First and foremost, performance measures put forth by the Higher Education Council to be promoted to professorships have become stricter in recent years.  Each university instituted its own performance criteria for promotions.  Thus, faculty members might have felt the pressure of that famous academic syndrome of “publish or perish”.  Second, researchers publishing papers in international journals have been encouraged, mostly in the form of monetary support, by not only their universities but also by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey.[21]

Table 5 shows the number of contributions each Department within the Faculty of Medicine produced within the ten-year period.  Faculty members affiliated with the Department of Pediatrics produced a total of 326 papers.  Moreover, faculty members affiliated with the Department of Pediatric Surgery produced some 92 papers.  Added together (418), one-third of all FMHU publications was somewhat related with pediatrics.  This ratio, although in line with that of Tınaztepe who found that 32% all FMHU papers appearing in international journals during 1993-1994 were in pediatrics,[22] should be interpreted with care as it may not necessarily reflect the topical distribution of papers of FMHU researchers appearing in international journals.  The Departments of Neurosurgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology follow the Department of Pediatrics with 107 (8%) and 96 (7%) papers, respectively.

 

 


Table 5. Distribution of FMHU Publications by Departments

Department Name

# of publications

Department Name

# of publications

Pediatrics

326

Infectious Diseases

16

Neurosurgery

107

Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation

17

Obstetrics and Gynecology

96

Endocrinology

14

Pediatric Surgery

92

Medical Biology

11

Radiology

64

Psychiatry

10

Nuclear Medicine

58

Anesthesiology

10

Urology

55

Nephrology

10

Internal Medicine

51

Biophysics

9

Neurology

45

Histology/Embryology

7

Anatomy

45

Microbiology

6

Otolaryngology/Otorhinolaryngology

42

Orthopaedics and Traumatology

6

Pharmacology

40

Pathology

6

Surgery/General Surgery

32

Genetics

5

Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

31

Metabolism

4

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

30

Physiology

4

Oncology

29

Rheumatology

4

Cardiology

27

Allergy

3

Gastroenterology

24

Dermatology

2

Chest Diseases

22

Public Health

2

Eye

21

Emergency Medicine

1

Hematology

19

Nutrition and Dietetics

1

Biochemistry

16

Population Studies

1

 

 

Total

1421

 

Note: Department names were taken from the first authors’ addresses.  Some 13 addresses cannot be classified for various reasons: i.e., some belonged to departments which were part of the Faculty of Medicine in the past (e.g., School of Health Administration, School of PTR), some listed the name of the Faculty only; some belonged to departments that are not under Faculty of Medicine (e.g., Brain Dynamics Research Center).  No attempt has been made to track down the variations or changes of department names over the ten-year period.  Some units within departments were classified under the department names (e.g., Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Cardiology were both listed under “Pediatrics” whereas Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Medical Oncology and Institute of Oncology were under “Oncology”). 


Contributions by FMHU researchers appeared in 384 different biomedical journals.  The number of journals that published five or more contributions authored by FMHU researchers was 96.  The total number of contributions (948) that appeared in those 96 journals accounted for almost two-thirds of all publications authored by FMHU researchers.  There were 31 journals publishing 10 or more contributions by FMHU researchers.  Those top 31 journals published a total of 527 contributions, almost 40% of all papers authored by FMHU researchers.  The names and the 1996 impact factors of the top 31 biomedical journals publishing 10 or more FMHU contributions are given in Table 6.[23]

 


Table 6. Journals Publishing 10 or More Contributions by FMHU Researchers

 

Journal

Impact factor (1996)

# of contributions by FMHU researchers

Turkish Journal of Pediatrics

0,130

71

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

1,062

41

International Urology and Nephrology

-

38

Japanese Heart Journal

0,186

26

British Journal of Urology

1,005

20

European Journal of Pediatrics

1,127

18

Pediatric Radiology

0,489

18

European Journal of Pediatric Surgery

0,326

17

Acta Neurochirurgica

0,498

16

Acta Paediatrica Japonica

0,049

16

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

0,387

15

Angiology

0,448

14

Clinical Nuclear Medicine

0,437

14

Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences

-

14

Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease

0,779

13

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

0,619

12

European Journal of Obstetrics

0,537

12

Hepato-Gastroenterology

1,104

12

International Journal of Cardiology

0,513

12

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

0,500

12

Journal of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology

-

12

Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

0,517

12

European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology

-

11

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy

0,389

11

Acta Paediatrica

0,754

10

Brain and Development

0,539

10

Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie

0,639

10

Journal of Surgical Oncology

0,634

10

Neuroradiology

0,997

10

Pediatric Cardiology

0,363

10

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1,377

10

Total

 

527 (37%)

Other journals

 

907 (63%)

Grand Total

 

1434 (100%)

 

 

Table 6 shows that contributions of FMHU researchers have primarily appeared in pediatrics journals.  This is not surprising as the Department of Pediatrics of FMHU distinguished itself as the most prolific Department within FMHU.  The first title, Turkish Journal of Pediatrics (TJP), started its publication in 1958 and has been published by the Institute of Child Health of Hacettepe University since 1993.[24]  According to the 1996 edition of the Institute for Scientific Information’s (ISI) Science Citation Index Journal Citation Reports (SCI-JCR), TJP’s impact factor was 0,130 and it ranked 58th among all pediatrics journals that year.[25]  Six out of the top 10 titles were in pediatrics.

The impact factors (IF) of top 31 journals where FMHU contributions appeared most frequently ranged between 0,130 and 1,377.  Five titles (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,  European Journal of Pediatrics, Hepato-Gastroenterology, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, British Journal of Urology) had impact factors over 1,000.  FMHU researchers published relatively fewer papers in journals with higher impact factors: seven in Journal of International Medical Research (IF: 3,929), eight in American Journal of Gastroenterology (IF: 3,178), six in Journal of Pediatrics (IF: 3,011), and seven in European Journal of Nuclear Medicine (IF: 3,097).

It should be noted that TJP is the only biomedical journal that is published in Turkey that has been indexed in Index Medicus and ISI’s Science Citation Index Expanded.  Countries such as Russia, Hungary and Greece have relatively more biomedical journals indexed in Index Medicus: 56, 11, and 7, respectively. [26]  In other words, contributions of FMHU researchers appearing in other biomedical journals than TJP that are published in Turkey are not reflected in MEDLINE statistics, which puts FMHU biomedical scientists in a somewhat disadvantageous position.

 
Conclusion

We summarized the major findings of our research that was based on 1434 biomedical publications of FMHU researchers that were indexed in MEDLINE between 1988-1997.  FMHU researchers recorded a seven-fold increase in the total number of publications within a ten-year period.  The mean number of contributors per publication has increased from 3,9 to 5,1 between 1988-1997.  An overwhelming majority of publications had somewhere between three and six authors.  More FMHU researchers were involved in publishing activities: the total number of contributors rose from 145 in 1988 to 1199 in 1996.  A. Hicsonmez, N. Buyukpamukcu, F.C. Tanyel and Ali Ayhan appeared to be the most prolific FMHU researchers in terms of total number of papers (both as first and joint authors) they contributed to.  The annual publication output per FMHU researcher rose from 0,15 papers in 1988 to 0,74 in 1997.  One-third of all FMHU papers listed the Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pediatric Surgery as the address of the first author.  The impact factors of biomedical journals in which FMHU researchers published their papers most often ranged between 0,130 and 1,377.   

 

References


[1] It is common to have more than one author contributing to the same publication, thereby making the figure higher than the overall contributions (1434) by FMHU researchers.

[2] Other researchers publishing 10 or more papers as first authors are as follows: AO Ciftci, MT Ercan and F Kizilcan (14 each), M Onerci, S Ozsoylu and H Topaloglu (13 each), O Akhan (12), B Anlar and S Ozen (11 each), and, A Celiker, A Colak, A Gurgey and H Ozen (10 each).



[1] E. Garfield, A citationist perspective on science in Turkey, In: Tıp Alanında Bilimsel Yayınlar Sempozyumu (Symposium on Scientific Publications in Medicine).  The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Ankara, 1991, pp.8-40.

[2] T. Braun, W. Glänzel, H. Grupp, The scientometric weight of 50 nations in 27 science areas, 1989-1993. Part I: All fields combined, mathematics, engineering, chemistry and physics, Scientometrics, 33 (1995), 263-293. 

[3] T. Braun, W. Glänzel, H. Grupp, The scientometric weight of 50 nations in 27 science areas, 1989-1993. Part II: Life sciences, Scientometrics, 34 (1995), 207-237.

[4] M. İlhan, R.K. Türker, Türkiye’nin bilimsel yayında dünyadaki yeri (Turkey’s place in scientific publication in the world). Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik 442 (1995), 8-10.

[5] M. İlhan, R.K. Türker, Yaşam bilimlerinde Türkiye’nin dünyadaki yeri (Turkey’s place in life sciences in the world). Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik 468 (1996), 7.

[6] Y. Tonta, M. İlhan, Sosyal bilimlerde Türkiye’nin dünyadaki yeri (Turkey’s place in social sciences in the world). Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 12 (1997), No. 40, 67-74.

[7] A. Uzun, A scientometric profile of Social Sciences research in Turkey. International Information and Library Review 30 (1998), No. 3, 169-184.

[8] A. Onat, H. Yazıcı, Current status of scientific medical publications in Turkey, In: Symposium: Scientific Writing, Editing and Auditing in Medicine. November 18, 1994, TÜBİTAK Ankara. The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Health Sciences Research Group, Ankara, 1996, pp. 39-46, p. 41.

[9] Y. Tonta, Contribution of Turkish researchers to the world’s biomedical literature (1988-1997), Scientometrics 48 (2000), No. 1, 71-84.

[10] Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). Uluslararası Bilimsel Yayınları Teşvik Programı (Support Programme of International Publications). Ankara, 1997.

[11] Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). 1996 Faaliyet Raporu (1996 Annual Report). Ankara, 1997, p. 20.

[12] Tonta, op.cit.

[13] A. Onat, Uluslararası tıp ve bilim yayınlarımız büyük atılım içinde (Big jump in international medicine and science publications). Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik 525 (1997), 6-7.

[14] M. İlhan, Yayın sıralaması ve üniversiteler sıralaması (Number of publications and university rankings). Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik 597 (1998), 15. 

[15] Ibid., pp.72-73.

[16]  A. Aho, B.W. Kernighan, P.J. Weinberger, The AWK Programming Language. Addison Wesley, Reading, M.A., 1988.

[17] Tonta, op. cit., p. 79-80.

[18] Onat, op. cit., p. 6-7.

[19] 1996-1997 öğretim yılı yükseköğretim istatistikleri (Higher education statistics of 1996-1997 academic year). Student Selection and Placement Center, Ankara, 1997.

[20] H. Zhang, Research performance in key medical universities in China observed from the scientific productivity, Scientometrics 37(1996), No.1, 177-190, p. 183.

[21] TÜBİTAK Uluslararası Bilimsel Yayınları Teşvik Programı (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey Programme to Encourage International Scientific Publications). TÜBİTAK, Ankara, 1998.

[22] Ibid., p. 30, Table X, column 2 (of the Turkish version of the same article). 

[23]  Institute for Scientific Information, 1996 Science Citation Index Journal Citation Reports. Philadelphia, P.A., 1997.

[24] K. Tınaztepe, Publication potentials in pediatrics in Turkey, In: Symposium: Scientific Writing, Editing and Auditing in Medicine. November 18, 1994, TÜBİTAK Ankara. The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Health Sciences Research Group, Ankara, 1996, pp. 21-24, p. 21.

 

[25] M. Yurdakök, T. Coşkun, Uluslararası yayınlarda pediatri dergilerimiz (Turkish pediatrics journals among international publications). Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik 596 (1998), 15.   

[26] Ibid.